attribute

In Python, an attribute is a value associated with an object that can be accessed using dot notation (object.attribute).

Attributes are defining characteristics or properties of an object and can be data attributes (variables) or method attributes (functions).

Example

Here’s a quick examle of a Dog class with three attributes:

Python 
class Dog:
    # Class attribute
    species = "Canis familiaris"

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        # Instance attributes
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

# Create two instances of the Dog class
dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 5)
dog2 = Dog("Milo", 3)

# Access the *class* attribute
print(dog1.species)  # Output: Canis familiaris
print(dog2.species)  # Output: Canis familiaris

# Access the *instance* attributes
print(dog1.name)  # Output: Buddy
print(dog2.name)  # Output: Milo

Attributes can be:

  1. Class Attributes: .species is a class attribute. It’s shared by all instances of the Dog class. This means that dog1.species and dog2.species will both return "Canis familiaris". Class attributes are useful for storing data that should be the same for every instance, like a constant value or a default setting.

  2. Instance Attributes: .name and .age are instance attributes. They are unique to each instance of the class. So, dog1.name is "Buddy", and dog2.name is "Milo".

You can access class attributes using either the class name (Dog.species) or an instance (dog1.species), but it’s more common to use the class name when you don’t need to involve a specific instance.

You can check if an object has an attribute using hasattr(), get attribute values with getattr(), set them with setattr(), and delete them with delattr(). Python’s descriptor protocol allows for fine-grained control over attribute access and modification.

Getters and Setters: Manage Attributes in Python

Tutorial

Getters and Setters: Manage Attributes in Python

In this tutorial, you'll learn what getter and setter methods are, how Python properties are preferred over getters and setters when dealing with attribute access and mutation, and when to use getter and setter methods instead of properties in Python.

intermediate python

For additional information on related topics, take a look at the following resources:

By Dan Bader • Updated Sept. 10, 2025 • Reviewed by Leodanis Pozo Ramos
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